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Ukubanjwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokugcinwa kubalulekile ukufezekisa iinjongo zeSivumelwano saseParis.Ifotosynthesis yitekhnoloji yendalo yokuthatha ikhabhoni.Ukuzoba inkuthazo evela kwi-lichens, siye savelisa i-3D cyanobacteria photosynthetic biocomposite (okt ukulinganisa i-lichen) sisebenzisa i-acrylic latex polymer efakwe kwi-sponge ye-loofah.Umlinganiselo we-CO2 wokuthathwa yi-biocomposite yayingu-1.57 ± 0.08 g CO2 g-1 ye-biomass d-1.Izinga lokuthathwa lisekelwe kwi-biomass eyomileyo ekuqaleni kovavanyo kwaye iquka i-CO2 esetyenziselwa ukukhulisa i-biomass entsha kunye ne-CO2 equlethwe kwiikhompawundi zokugcina ezifana ne-carbohydrates.La mazinga okuthathwa ayephezulu ngamaxesha angama-14-20 kunamanyathelo olawulo oludaka kwaye anokunyuswa ukuba athathe i-570 t CO2 t-1 biomass ngonyaka-1, ngokulingana ne-5.5-8.17 × 106 yeehektare zokusetyenziswa komhlaba , ukususa i-8-12 GtCO2 CO2 ngonyaka.Ngokwahlukileyo, i-bioenergy yehlathi kunye ne-carbon capture kunye nokugcinwa kwe-0.4-1.2 × 109 ha.I-biocomposite yahlala isebenza kwiiveki ze-12 ngaphandle kwezondlo ezongezelelweyo okanye amanzi, emva koko uvavanyo lwayekiswa.Ngaphakathi kobuntu obuneenkalo ezininzi zobuchwephesha bokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ii-biocomposites ze-cyanobacterial ezenziwe ngobunjineli kunye neziphuculweyo zinokubanakho ukusasazwa okuzinzileyo kunye nokukhawulezayo ukwandisa ukususwa kwe-CO2 ngelixa kuncitshiswa ilahleko yamanzi, izondlo kunye nosetyenziso lomhlaba.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kusisoyikiso sokwenyani kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo zehlabathi, uzinzo kwi-ikhosistim kunye nabantu.Ukunciphisa iziphumo zayo ezimbi kakhulu, iinkqubo ezilungelelanisiweyo kunye nezinkulu ze-decarburization ziyafuneka, kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, uhlobo oluthile lokususwa ngokuthe ngqo kweegesi ze-greenhouse emoyeni ziyafuneka.Nangona i-decarbonization elungileyo yokuvelisa umbane2,3, okwangoku akukho zisombululo zobuchwepheshe ezizinzileyo kwezoqoqosho zokunciphisa i-carbon dioxide ye-atmospheric (CO2)4, nangona ukubanjwa kwegesi ye-flue kuqhubeka5.Esikhundleni sezisombululo zobunjineli ezinobungozi kunye nezisebenzayo, abantu kufuneka bajike kwiinjineli zendalo ukuze babambe ikhabhoni - i-photosynthetic organisms (i-phototrophic organisms).I-Photosynthesis yitekhnoloji yokuhluthwa kwekhabhoni yendalo, kodwa ukukwazi kwayo ukubuyisela umva ukutyetyiswa kwekhabhoni yeanthropogenic kwizikali zexesha elinentsingiselo kuyathandabuzeka, ii-enzymes azisebenzi, kwaye ukukwazi kwayo ukusasaza kwizikali ezifanelekileyo kuyathandabuzeka.Indlela enokubakho yefototrofiya kukugawulwa kwamahlathi, okugawula imithi ye-bioenergy ngokubanjwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokugcinwa (BECCS) njengetekhnoloji yokukhutshwa kwe-negative enokunceda ukunciphisa i-CO21 ekhutshwayo.Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kufikelelwe kwiSivumelwano seParis ekujoliswe kuso lobushushu be-1.5°C kusetyenziswa iBECCS njengeyona ndlela iphambili kuya kufuna i-0.4 ukuya kwi-1.2 × 109 yeehektare, okulingana nama-25–75% omhlaba wangoku olimekayo wehlabathi6.Ukongeza, ukungaqiniseki okunxulunyaniswa neziphumo zehlabathi zokuchumisa i-CO2 kubiza ukuba kuthandabuze ukusebenza kakuhle okunokwenzeka kokutyalwa kwamahlathi7.Ukuba siza kufikelela kwiithagethi zobushushu ezibekwe siSivumelwano saseParis, imizuzwana eli-100 ye-GtCO2 yeegesi ze-greenhouse gases (GGR) kufuneka isuswe emoyeni rhoqo ngonyaka.Isebe lase-UK loPhando kunye noTshintsho kutshanje libhengeze inkxaso-mali kwiiprojekthi ze-GGR8 ezintlanu eziquka ulawulo lwe-peatland, imozulu ephuculweyo yamatye, ukutyalwa kwemithi, i-biochar kunye nezityalo ezingapheliyo ukondla inkqubo ye-BECCS.Iindleko zokususa ngaphezulu kwe-130 MtCO2 kwi-atmosfera ngonyaka yi-10-100 US$/tCO2, 0.2-8.1 MtCO2 ngonyaka ukubuyisela i-peatland, 52-480 US$/tCO2 kunye ne-12-27 MtCO2 ngonyaka ngenxa yemozulu yamatye. , 0.4-30 USD / ngonyaka.tCO2, 3.6 MtCO2/yr, 1% ukwanda kummandla wehlathi, 0.4-30 US$/tCO2, 6-41 MtCO2/yr, biochar, 140-270 US$/tCO2, 20 –70 Mt CO2 ngonyaka kwizityalo ezisisigxina kusetyenziswa BECCS9.
Indibaniselwano yezi ndlela inokuthi ifikelele kwi-130 Mt CO2 ekujoliswe kuyo ngonyaka, kodwa iindleko zemozulu yamatye kunye ne-BECCS ziphezulu, kwaye i-biochar, nangona ingabizi kakhulu kwaye inxulumene nokusetyenziswa komhlaba, ifuna i-feedstock kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-biochar.inika olu phuhliso kunye nenombolo yokuhambisa obunye ubuchwepheshe be-GGR.
Endaweni yokujonga izisombululo emhlabeni, khangela amanzi, ngakumbi iifototrophs ezineseli enye ezifana ne-microalgae kunye ne-cyanobacteria10.I-algae (kuquka i-cyanobacteria) ibamba malunga ne-50% yekharbon dayoksayidi yehlabathi, nangona ithatha i-1% kuphela ye-biomass11 yehlabathi.I-Cyanobacteria ziinjineli zendalo zendalo, ezibeka isiseko semetabolism yokuphefumla kunye nokuvela kobomi be-multicellular ngokusebenzisa i-oxygen photosynthesis12.Umbono wokusebenzisa i-cyanobacteria ukubamba ikhabhoni ayiyonto intsha, kodwa iindlela ezintsha zokubeka umzimba zivula i-horizons entsha kwezi zinto zakudala.
Amachibi avulekileyo kunye ne-photobioreactors yimpahla engagqibekanga xa usebenzisa i-microalgae kunye ne-cyanobacteria kwiinjongo zoshishino.Ezi nkqubo zenkcubeko zisebenzisa inkcubeko yokunqunyanyiswa apho iiseli zidada ngokukhululekileyo kwindawo yokukhula14;nangona kunjalo, amachibi kunye ne-photobioreactors inezinto ezininzi ezingathandekiyo ezifana nokugqithiswa kobunzima be-CO2, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu komhlaba kunye namanzi, ukuchaphazeleka kwi-biofouling, kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokwakha kunye nokusebenza15,16.I-Biofilm bioreactors engasebenzisi iinkcubeko zokunqunyanyiswa zinoqoqosho ngakumbi malunga namanzi kunye nendawo, kodwa zisengozini yokulimala kwe-desiccation, ixhomekeke kwi-biofilm detachment (kwaye ngoko ilahleko ye-biomass esebenzayo), kwaye ihambelana ngokulinganayo kwi-biofouling17.
Iindlela ezintsha ziyafuneka ukunyusa izinga lokuthathwa kweCO2 kunye nokujongana neengxaki ezinqanda udaka kunye ne-biofilm reactors.Enye indlela enjalo yi-photosynthetic biocomposites ephefumlelwe yi-lichens.Ubulembu bububungundi kunye neefotobionts (microalgae kunye/okanye icyanobacteria) ezigubungela malunga ne-12% yomhlaba womhlaba18.Umngundo ubonelela ngenkxaso yomzimba, ukhuseleko, kunye nokubambelela kwi-photobiotic substrate, ethi yona inike umngundo ngekhabhoni (njengemveliso yephotosynthetic egqithisileyo).I-biocomposite ecetywayo "yi-lichen mimetic", apho abantu abagxininisiweyo be-cyanobacteria bangakwazi ukuhamba ngendlela ye-biocoating encinci kwi-substrate ye-carrier.Ukongeza kwiiseli, i-biocoating iqulethe i-matrix ye-polymer enokuthi ithathe indawo yefungus.I-emulsions ye-polymer esekelwe emanzini okanye "i-latexes" ikhethwa ngenxa yokuba i-biocompatible, iqinile, ingabizi, kulula ukuyiphatha kwaye ifumaneka ngokurhweba19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26.
Ukulungiswa kweeseli kunye neepolymers ze-latex kuthonywa kakhulu ngokubunjwa kwe-latex kunye nenkqubo yokubunjwa kwefilimu.I-Emulsion polymerization yinkqubo eyahluka-hlukeneyo esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa irabha eyenziweyo, i-adhesive coatings, ii-sealants, izongezo zekhonkrithi, iipeyinti zephepha kunye nelaphu, kunye neepeyinti zelatex27.Inenani leenzuzo ngaphezu kwezinye iindlela zepolymerization, ezifana nesantya sokuphendula okuphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwe-monomer, kunye nokulula kokulawulwa kwemveliso27,28.Ukukhethwa kwee-monomers kuxhomekeke kwiimpawu ezifunwayo zefilimu ye-polymer ebangelwayo, kunye neenkqubo ezixubeneyo ze-monomer (oko kukuthi, i-copolymerizations), iipropati ze-polymer zinokutshintshwa ngokukhetha imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo ye-monomers eyenza i-polymer material.I-butyl acrylate kunye ne-styrene ziphakathi kwe-acrylic latex monomers eziqhelekileyo kwaye zisetyenziswa apha.Ukongezelela, i-coalescing agents (umz. i-Texanol) isoloko isetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwefilimu efanayo apho inokuguqula iimpawu ze-polymer latex ukuvelisa i-coalescing eqinile kunye "eqhubekayo" (i-coalescing).Kuphononongo lwethu lokuqala lobungqina bombono, indawo ephezulu, i-porosity ephezulu ye-3D biocomposite yenziwe kusetyenziswa ipeyinti ye-latex yorhwebo efakwe kwi-sponge ye-loofah.Emva kokukhohlisa okude nokuqhubekayo (iiveki ezisibhozo), i-biocomposite ibonise amandla alinganiselweyo okugcina i-cyanobacteria kwi-scaffold ye-loofah ngenxa yokuba ukukhula kweeseli kwenza buthathaka ubume besakhiwo se-latex.Kuphononongo lwangoku, sijolise ekuphuhliseni uthotho lwe-acrylic latex polymers yekhemistri eyaziwayo ukuze isetyenziswe ngokuqhubekayo kwizicelo zokubamba ikhabhoni ngaphandle kokuncama ukuthotywa kwepolymer.Ngokwenza njalo, siye sabonisa amandla okwenza i-lichen-like polymer matrix element ezibonelela ngokuphucuka kokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokwandisa kakhulu ukuqina komatshini xa kuthelekiswa ne-biocomposites eqinisekisiweyo.Ukuphucula ngakumbi kuya kukhawulezisa ukuthatyathwa kweebhayocomposites zokubanjwa kwekhabhoni, ngakumbi xa zidityaniswe necyanobacteria i-metabolically modified ukuphucula ukuthathwa kwe-CO2.
I-latexes esithoba ene-polymer formulations ezintathu (H = "nzima", N = "eqhelekileyo", S = "soft") kunye neentlobo ezintathu ze-Texanol (0, 4, 12% v / v) zavavanywa ubuthi kunye nokulungelelaniswa koxinzelelo.Ukuncamathelisa.ukusuka kwiicyanobacteria ezimbini.Uhlobo lweLatex lwaba nefuthe kakhulu kwi-S. elongatus PCC 7942 (uvavanyo lwe-Shirer-Ray-Hare, i-latex: DF=2, H=23.157, P=<0.001) kunye ne-CCAP 1479/1A (indlela ezimbini ANOVA, latex: DF=2, F = 103.93, P = <0.001) (Umfanekiso 1a).Ukuxinwa kwe-texanol akuzange kuthintele kakhulu ukukhula kwe-S. elongatus PCC 7942, kuphela i-N-latex yayingeyona inetyhefu (Umfanekiso 1a), kunye ne-0 N kunye ne-4 N igcine ukukhula kwe-26% kunye ne-35%, ngokulandelanayo (i-Mann- Whitney U, 0 N vs. 4 N: W = 13.50, P = 0.245; 0 N ngokuchasene nolawulo: W = 25.0, P = 0.061; 4 N ngokuchasene nolawulo: W = 25.0, P = 0.061) kunye ne-12 N igcinwe ukukhula okufaniswayo ukuya kulawulo lwezinto eziphilayo (iYunivesithi yaseMann-Whitney, i-12 N vs. ulawulo: W = 17.0, P = 0.885).Kwi-S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A, zombini umxube we-latex kunye nokugxininiswa kwe-texanol kwakuyizinto ezibalulekileyo, kwaye intsebenziswano ebalulekileyo yabonwa phakathi kwezi zimbini (iindlela ezimbini ze-ANOVA, i-latex: DF = 2, F = 103.93, P = <0.001, Texanol : DF=2, F=5.96, P=0.01, Latex*Texanol: DF=4, F=3.41, P=0.03).0 N kunye nazo zonke iilateksi "ezithambileyo" zikhuthaza ukukhula (Umfanekiso 1a).Kukho utyekelo lokuphucula ukukhula kunye nokuncipha kokwakheka kwe-styrene.
Ubuthi kunye novavanyo lokubambelela kwi-cyanobacteria (i-Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 kunye ne-CCAP 1479 / 1A) kwi-latex formulations, ubudlelwane kunye nobushushu beglasi (Tg) kunye nesigqibo sematrix esekelwe kwi-toxicity kunye nedatha yokubambelela.(a) Uvavanyo lwetyhefu lwenziwa kusetyenziswa iiplani ezahlukeneyo zepesenti yokukhula kwe-cyanobacteria eqhelekileyo ukulawula iinkcubeko zokunqunyanyiswa.Unyango oluphawulwe * lwahluke kakhulu kulawulo.(b) Idatha yokukhula kweCyanobacteria ngokuchasene ne-Tg latex (ithetha ± SD; n = 3).(c) Inani elongezelekayo le-cyanobacteria ekhutshwe kuvavanyo lokunamathela lwe-biocomposite.(d) Idatha yokunamathela ngokuchasene ne-Tg ye-latex (ithetha ± StDev; n = 3).e Isigqibo sematrix esekelwe kwityhefu kunye nedatha yokubambelela.Umlinganiselo we-styrene kwi-butyl acrylate yi-1:3 ye-"hard" (H) latex, 1:1 ye-"normal" (N) kunye ne-3:1 ye-"soft" (S).Amanani angaphambili kwikhowudi ye-latex ahambelana nomxholo weTexanol.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukusebenza kweeseli kwehla ngokunyuka kwe-texanol yoxinaniso, kodwa akukho kulungelelaniswa okubalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na ingxaki (CCAP 1479 / 1A: DF = 25, r = -0.208, P = 0.299; PCC 7942: DF = 25, r = – 0.127, P = 0,527).Kwikhiwane.I-1b ibonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokukhula kweeseli kunye neqondo lokushisa lokutshintsha kweglasi (Tg).Kukho ulungelelwaniso oluluqilima olungalunganga phakathi koxinzelelo lwe-texanol kunye ne-Tg yamaxabiso (H-latex: DF=7, r=-0.989, P=<0.001; N-latex: DF=7, r=-0.964, P=<0.001 S- latex: DF=7, r=-0.946, P=<0.001).Idatha ibonise ukuba i-Tg efanelekileyo yokukhula kwe-S. elongatus PCC 7942 yayimalunga ne-17 °C (Umfanekiso 1b), ngelixa i-S. elongatus CCAP 1479 / 1A ithanda i-Tg ngaphantsi kwe-0 ° C (Umfanekiso 1b).Kuphela i-S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A yayinonxulumano olubi oluluqilima phakathi kwe-Tg kunye nedatha yetyhefu (DF=25, r=-0.857, P=<0.001).
Zonke i-latexes zine-adhesion affinity enhle, kwaye akukho namnye kubo okhululwe ngaphezu kwe-1% yeeseli emva kwe-72 h (Umfanekiso 1c).Kwakungekho nantlukwano ebalulekileyo phakathi kweelatexes zeentlobo ezimbini ze-S. elongatus (PCC 7942: uvavanyo lwe-Scheirer-Ray-Hara, iLatex * Texanol, DF = 4, H = 0.903; P = 0.924; CCAP 1479 / 1A: Scheirer- Uvavanyo lweray).– uvavanyo Hare, latex * texanol, DF = 4, H = 3.277, P = 0.513).Njengoko uxinaniso lwe-Texanol lukhula, iiseli ezininzi zikhululwa (Umfanekiso 1c).xa kuthelekiswa ne-S. elongatus PCC 7942 (DF = 25, r = -0.660, P = <0.001) (Umfanekiso 1d).Ngaphezu koko, kwakungekho ubudlelwane bezibalo phakathi kwe-Tg kunye ne-cell adhesion of the strains ezimbini (PCC 7942: DF = 25, r = 0.301, P = 0.127; CCAP 1479 / 1A: DF = 25, r = 0.287, P = 0.147).
Kuzo zombini iintlobo, iipolymer zelatex “ezinzima” bezingasebenzi.Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-4N kunye ne-12N zisebenze kakuhle ngokuchasene ne-S. elongatus PCC 7942, ngelixa i-4S kunye ne-12S zisebenze kakuhle ngokuchasene ne-CCAP 1479 / 1A (umzobo 1e), nangona kukho indawo ecacileyo yokuphucula ngakumbi i-polymer matrix.Ezi polymers zisetyenziswe kwiimvavanyo ze-CO2 ze-semi-batch net.
I-Photophysiology yayijongwe iintsuku ezisi-7 kusetyenziswa iiseli ezinqunyanyiswe kukwakheka kwe-latex enamanzi.Ngokubanzi, zombini i-photosynthesis rate (PS) kunye nobuninzi be-PSII quantum isivuno (Fv / Fm) iyancipha ngokuhamba kwexesha, kodwa oku kuncipha akulingani kwaye ezinye iiseti zedatha ze-PS zibonisa impendulo ye-biphasic, ephakamisa impendulo engaphelelanga, nangona ukubuyiswa kwexesha lokwenyani. umsebenzi PS elifutshane (Fig. 2a kunye 3b).Impendulo ye-biphasic Fv / Fm yayingaphantsi (Amanani 2b kunye ne-3b).
(a) Umlinganiselo obonakalayo we-photosynthesis (PS) kunye (b) ubuninzi be-PSII isivuno se-quantum (Fv / Fm) ye-Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 ekuphenduleni ukuqulunqwa kwe-latex xa kuthelekiswa nokulawula iinkcubeko zokumiswa.Umlinganiselo we-styrene kwi-butyl acrylate yi-1:3 ye-"hard" (H) latex, 1:1 ye-"normal" (N) kunye ne-3:1 ye-"soft" (S).Amanani angaphambili kwikhowudi ye-latex ahambelana nomxholo weTexanol.(uthetha ± ukutenxa okusemgangathweni; n = 3).
(a) Umlinganiselo obonakalayo we-photosynthesis (PS) kunye (b) nobuninzi be-PSII isivuno se-quantum (Fv / Fm) ye-Synechococcus elongatus CCAP 1479/1A ekuphenduleni ukwakhiwa kwe-latex xa kuthelekiswa nokulawula iinkcubeko zokunqunyanyiswa.Umlinganiselo we-styrene kwi-butyl acrylate yi-1:3 ye-"hard" (H) latex, 1:1 ye-"normal" (N) kunye ne-3:1 ye-"soft" (S).Amanani angaphambili kwikhowudi ye-latex ahambelana nomxholo weTexanol.(uthetha ± ukutenxa okusemgangathweni; n = 3).
Kwi-S. elongatus PCC 7942, ukubunjwa kwe-latex kunye nokugxininiswa kwe-Texanol akuzange kuchaphazele i-PS ngexesha elide (GLM, Latex * Texanol * Time, DF = 28, F = 1.49, P = 0.07), nangona ukubunjwa kwakuyinto ebalulekileyo (GLM)., ixesha le-latex *, DF = 14, F = 3.14, P = <0.001) (Umfanekiso 2a).Kwakungekho mpembelelo ibalulekileyo ye-Texanol yoxinaniso ngexesha (GLM, Texanol * ixesha, DF = 14, F = 1.63, P = 0.078).Kwakukho intsebenziswano ebalulekileyo echaphazela iFv / Fm (GLM, Latex * Texanol * Time, DF = 28, F = 4.54, P = <0.001).Ukusebenzisana phakathi kokwenziwa kwe-latex kunye nokugxininiswa kwe-Texanol kube nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwi-Fv / Fm (GLM, Latex * Texanol, DF = 4, F = 180.42, P = <0.001).Ipharamitha nganye ikwachaphazela iFv/Fm ekuhambeni kwexesha (GLM, Latex*Time, DF=14, F=9.91, P=<0.001 kunye neTexanol*Time, DF=14, F=10.71, P=<0.001).ILatex 12H igcine i-avareji esezantsi ye-PS kunye ne-Fv/Fm amaxabiso (Umfanekiso 2b), ebonisa ukuba le polima inetyhefu ngakumbi.
I-PS ye-S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A yayihluke kakhulu (i-GLM, i-latex * i-Texanol * ixesha, i-DF = 28, F = 2.75, P = <0.001), kunye nokwakheka kwe-latex kunokuba i-Texanol igxininise (GLM, iLatex * ixesha, i-DF =14, F=6.38, P=<0.001, GLM, Texanol* ixesha, DF=14, F=1.26, P=0.239).Iipholima “ezithambileyo” i-0S kunye ne-4S zigcine amanqanaba aphezulu kancinane okusebenza kwePS kunolawulo lokunqunyanyiswa (Mann-Whitney U, 0S ngokuchasene nolawulo, W = 686.0, P = 0.044, 4S ngokuchasene nolawulo, W = 713, P = 0.01) kwaye igcinwe i iphuculwe iFv./Fm (Umfanekiso 3a) ubonisa uthutho olusebenzayo ngakumbi kwi-Photosystem II.Kumaxabiso eFv/Fm yeeseli zeCCAP 1479/1A, bekukho umahluko obalulekileyo welatex ngokuhamba kwexesha (GLM, Latex*Texanol*Time, DF=28, F=6.00, P=<0.001) (Figure 3b).).
Kwikhiwane.I-4 ibonisa umyinge we-PS kunye ne-Fv / Fm kwixesha leentsuku ze-7 njengomsebenzi wokukhula kweeseli zoxinzelelo ngalunye.S. elongatus PCC 7942 wayengenayo ipateni ecacileyo (Fig. 4a kunye b), nangona kunjalo, CCAP 1479/1A wabonisa ubudlelwane parabolic phakathi PS (Fig. 4c) kunye Fv/Fm (Fig. 4d) amaxabiso njengoko umlinganiselo we-styrene kunye ne-butyl acrylate ikhula ngotshintsho.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kokukhula kunye ne-photophysiology ye-Synechococcus longum kumalungiselelo e-latex.(a) Idatha yetyhefu ecetywe ngokuchasene nesantya sephotosynthetic ebonakalayo (PS), (b) isivuno esiphezulu se-PSII se-quantum (Fv/Fm) ye-PCC 7942. c Idatha yetyhefu ecetywe ngokuchasene ne-PS kunye ne-d Fv/Fm CCAP 1479/1A.Umlinganiselo we-styrene kwi-butyl acrylate yi-1:3 ye-"hard" (H) latex, 1:1 ye-"normal" (N) kunye ne-3:1 ye-"soft" (S).Amanani angaphambili kwikhowudi ye-latex ahambelana nomxholo weTexanol.(uthetha ± ukutenxa okusemgangathweni; n = 3).
I-PCC 7942 ye-biocomposite yaba nefuthe elilinganiselweyo ekugcinweni kweeseli kunye ne-cell leaching ebalulekileyo kwiiveki ezine zokuqala (Umfanekiso 5).Emva kwesigaba sokuqala sokuthathwa kwe-CO2, iiseli ezilungiswe nge-12 N latex zaqala ukukhulula i-CO2, kwaye le pateni yaqhubeka phakathi kweentsuku ze-4 kunye ne-14 (umzobo 5b).Ezi datha ziyahambelana nokuqwalaselwa kokutshintsha kwebala.Ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 ye-Net yaqala kwakhona ukusuka kwi-18. Nangona ukukhutshwa kweseli (umzobo 5a), i-PCC 7942 12 N i-biocomposite isaqokelele ngaphezulu kwe-CO2 kunokumiswa kokulawula ngaphezu kweentsuku ze-28, nangona kuncinci (i-Mann-Whitney U-test, W = 2275.5; P = 0,066).Izinga lokufunxa kwe-CO2 nge-latex 12 N kunye ne-4 N yi-0.51 ± 0.34 kunye ne-1.18 ± 0.29 g CO2 g-1 ye-biomass d-1.Kwakukho umahluko obalulekileyo ngokwezibalo phakathi kwamanqanaba onyango kunye nexesha (uvavanyo lukaSihlalo-Ray-Hare, unyango: DF=2, H=70.62, P=<0.001 ixesha: DF=13, H=23.63, P=0.034), kodwa oko wayengekho.kwakukho ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo phakathi kwonyango kunye nexesha (uvavanyo lukaSihlalo-Ray-Har, ixesha * unyango: DF = 26, H = 8.70, P = 0.999).
Iimvavanyo ze-CO2 ze-half-batch kwi-Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 biocomposites usebenzisa i-4N kunye ne-12N latex.(a) Imifanekiso ibonisa ukukhutshwa kweeseli kunye ne-pigment discoloration, kunye nemifanekiso ye-SEM ye-biocomposite ngaphambi nangemva kovavanyo.Imigca echokoziweyo emhlophe ibonisa iisayithi zokubeka iiseli kwi-biocomposite.(b) Ukuthathwa kweCO2 eyongezelekayo kwisithuba seeveki ezine."Eqhelekileyo" (N) latex inomlinganiselo we-styrene kwi-butyl acrylate ye-1:1.Amanani angaphambili kwikhowudi ye-latex ahambelana nomxholo weTexanol.(uthetha ± ukutenxa okusemgangathweni; n = 3).
Ukugcinwa kweseli kuye kwaphuculwa kakhulu kuxinzelelo lwe-CCAP 1479/1A ene-4S kunye ne-12S, nangona i-pigment yatshintsha kancinci umbala ngokuhamba kwexesha (Fig. 6a).I-Biocomposite CCAP 1479/1A ithatha i-CO2 iintsuku ezingama-84 ezipheleleyo (iiveki ze-12) ngaphandle kwezongezelelo ezongezelelweyo zesondlo.Uhlalutyo lwe-SEM (umzobo 6a) luqinisekisile ukubonwa okubonakalayo kwe-cell detachment encinci.Ekuqaleni, iiseli zazifakwe kwingubo yelatex egcina ingqibelelo yayo nangona ukukhula kweeseli.Izinga lokuthathwa kwe-CO2 laliphezulu kakhulu kuneqela lokulawula (uvavanyo lwe-Scheirer-Ray-Har, unyango: DF = 2; H = 240.59; P = <0.001, ixesha: DF = 42; H = 112; P = <0.001) ( Isazobe 6b).I-biocomposite ye-12S iphumelele ukunyuswa kwe-CO2 ephezulu (1.57 ± 0.08 g CO2 g-1 biomass ngosuku), ngelixa i-4S latex yayingu-1.13 ± 0.41 g CO2 g-1 biomass ngosuku, kodwa abazange bahluke kakhulu (Mann-Whitney U. uvavanyo, W = 1507.50; P = 0.07) kwaye akukho ukusebenzisana okubalulekileyo phakathi kwonyango kunye nexesha (uvavanyo lweShirer-Rey-Hara, ixesha * unyango: DF = 82; H = 10 .37; P = 1.000).
Isiqingatha sesiqingatha se-CO2 sovavanyo lokuthathwa usebenzisa i-Synechococcus elongatus CCAP 1479/1A biocomposites ene-4N kunye ne-12N latex.(a) Imifanekiso ibonisa ukukhutshwa kweeseli kunye ne-pigment discoloration, kunye nemifanekiso ye-SEM ye-biocomposite ngaphambi nangemva kovavanyo.Imigca echokoziweyo emhlophe ibonisa iisayithi zokubeka iiseli kwi-biocomposite.(b) Ukuthathwa kwe-CO2 eyongezelelweyo kwisithuba seeveki ezilishumi elinesibini.“Soft” (S) latex inomlinganiselo we-styrene ukuya kwi-butyl acrylate ye-1:1.Amanani angaphambili kwikhowudi ye-latex ahambelana nomxholo weTexanol.(uthetha ± ukutenxa okusemgangathweni; n = 3).
S. elongatus PCC 7942 (uvavanyo lweShirer-Ray-Har, ixesha* unyango: DF=4, H=3.243, P=0.518) okanye biocomposite S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A (ezimbini-ANOVA, ixesha* unyango: DF=8 , F = 1.79, P = 0.119) (Fig. S4).I-Biocomposite PCC 7942 yayinomxholo ophezulu we-carbohydrate kwiveki ye-2 (4 N = 59.4 ± 22.5 wt%, 12 N = 67.9 ± 3.3 wt%), ngelixa ukumiswa kokulawula kunomxholo ophezulu we-carbohydrate ngeveki 4 xa (ulawulo = 59.6 ± 2.84% w/w).Umxholo opheleleyo we-carbohydrate ye-CCAP 1479 / 1A ye-biocomposite yayifaniswa nokumiswa kolawulo ngaphandle kokuqala kovavanyo, kunye nolunye utshintsho kwi-latex ye-12S ngeveki 4. Amaxabiso aphezulu e-biocomposite ayengama-51.9 ± 9.6 wt% kwi-4S kunye ne-77.1 ± 17.0 wt% ye-12S.
Sizimisele ukubonisa amathuba okuyilwa kokuphucula ingqibelelo yesakhiwo sefilimu ebhityileyo yeengubo zepolymer ze-latex njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yengqikelelo ye-lichen yokulingisa i-biocomposite ngaphandle kokuncama i-biocompatibility okanye ukusebenza.Ewe, ukuba imiceli mngeni yesakhiwo ehambelana nokukhula kweeseli iyoyiswa, silindele ukuphuculwa komsebenzi obalulekileyo kwii-biocomposites zethu zovavanyo, esele zithelekiseka nezinye iicyanobacteria kunye ne-microalgae carbon capture systems.
Iingubo kufuneka zingabi netyhefu, zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala khona.Iipolima ze-acrylic zohlobo lweLatex kulula ukuzilungiselela kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini epeyinti, amalaphu, kunye nokuncamathelisa30.Sidibanise i-cyanobacteria kunye ne-acrylic latex ye-polymer emulsion yamanzi eyenziwe nge-polymerized kunye nomlinganiselo othile we-styrene / butyl acrylate particles kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-Texanol.I-Styrene kunye ne-butyl acrylate yakhethwa ukuba ikwazi ukulawula iimpawu ezibonakalayo, ngokukodwa i-elasticity kunye ne-coalescence ye-coalescence ye-coalescence ye-coalescence ye-coalescence (ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-coating eqinile kunye ne-adhesive kakhulu), evumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto "ezinzima" kunye "ezithambileyo" ze-particle aggregates.Idatha ye-toxicity ibonisa ukuba i-latex "enzima" enomxholo ophezulu we-styrene ayihambisani nokusinda kwe-cyanobacteria.Ngokungafani ne-butyl acrylate, i-styrene ithathwa njengetyhefu kwi-algae32,33.Iintlobo ze-Cyanobacteria ziphendule ngokuhlukileyo kwi-latex, kwaye iqondo lokushisa eliphezulu leglasi (Tg) limiselwe kwi-S. elongatus PCC 7942, ngelixa i-S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A ibonise ubudlelwane obungalunganga bomgca kunye ne-Tg.
Iqondo lokushisa lokumisa lichaphazela amandla okwenza ifilimu ye-latex efanayo eqhubekayo.Ukuba iqondo lokushisa lokumisa lingaphantsi koBuncinci beFilimu yokwenza iTemperature (MFFT), iinqununu ze-polymer latex aziyi kudibanisa ngokupheleleyo, okubangelwa ukunamathela kuphela kwi-particle interface.Iifilimu ezibangelwayo zinokunamathela okungahambi kakuhle kunye namandla omatshini kwaye zinokuba kwifomu yomgubo29.I-MFFT inxulumene ngokusondeleyo ne-Tg, enokulawulwa ngokubunjwa kwe-monomer kunye nokongezwa kwee-coalescents ezifana ne-Texanol.I-Tg imisela iipropathi ezininzi ezibonakalayo zokwaleka okubangelwayo, ezinokuthi zibekwimo yerabha okanye yeglasi34.Ngokutsho kwe-Flory-Fox equation35, i-Tg ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-monomer kunye nokwakheka kwepesenti.Ukongezwa kwe-coalescent kunokunciphisa i-MFFT ngokunyanzeliswa kwe-intermittent ye-Tg ye-latex particles, evumela ukubunjwa kwefilimu kumaqondo okushisa aphantsi, kodwa kusenokwenza i-coalescent enzima kwaye inamandla ngenxa yokuba i-coalescent iyancipha ngokukhawuleza ngokuhamba kwexesha okanye ikhutshwe i-36.
Ukwandisa ukuxinwa kwe-Texanol kukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwefilimu ngokunciphisa iinqununu ze-polymer (ukunciphisa i-Tg) ngenxa yokuxutywa ngamaqhekeza ngexesha lokumisa, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa amandla efilimu edibeneyo kunye ne-cell adhesion.Ngenxa yokuba i-biocomposite yomile kwiqondo lokushisa eliphakathi (~ 18-20 ° C), i-Tg (30 ukuya ku-55 ° C) ye-latex "enzima" iphezulu kunokushisa okomisa, oku kuthetha ukuba i-particle coalescence ayinakuba yinto efanelekileyo, ibangele Iifilimu ze-B ezihlala zi-vitreous, iipropathi ezibuthathaka zoomatshini kunye nokuncamathelisa, ukunwebeka okulinganiselweyo kunye ne-diffusivity30 ekugqibeleni zikhokelela ekulahlekeni okukhulu kweeseli.Ukubunjwa kwefilimu ukusuka kwi-polymers "eqhelekileyo" kunye ne "soft" kwenzeka okanye ngaphantsi kwe-Tg yefilimu ye-polymer, kwaye ukubunjwa kwefilimu kuphuculwe ngokubambisana okuphuculweyo, okubangela ukuba iifilimu ze-polymer eziqhubekayo ezinokuphuculwa komatshini, ukudibanisa, kunye neempawu zokubambelela.Ifilimu ephumayo iya kuhlala i-rubbery ngexesha lovavanyo lokubamba i-CO2 ngenxa yokuba i-Tg isondele ("eqhelekileyo" umxube: i-12 ukuya kwi-20 ºC) okanye iphantsi kakhulu ("i-soft" blend: -21 ukuya -13 °C ) kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kwe-30.I-latex “enzima” (3.4 ukuya ku-2.9 kgf mm–1) ilukhuni ngokuphindwe kathathu kune-latex “eqhelekileyo” (1.0 ukuya ku-0.9 kgf mm–1).Ubunzima beelateksi "ezithambileyo" abunakulinganiswa ngobunzima obuncinci ngenxa yobuninzi be-rubberiness kunye nokubambelela kwiqondo lokushisa.Intlawulo yomphezulu inokuchaphazela ukunamathela, kodwa idatha eninzi iyafuneka ukunika ulwazi olunentsingiselo.Nangona kunjalo, zonke iilatex zigcina iiseli ngokufanelekileyo, zikhupha ngaphantsi kwe-1%.
Imveliso yephotosynthesis iyancipha ngokuhamba kwexesha.Ukubonakaliswa kwe-polystyrene kukhokelela ekuphazamisekeni kwe-membrane kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxidative38,39,40,41.Amaxabiso e-Fv/Fm e-S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A evezwe kwi-0S kunye ne-4S ayephantse aphinda kabini ukuphakama xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo lokunqunyanyiswa, olukwisivumelwano esihle ne-CO2 yokuthatha ireyithi ye-4S biocomposite, kunye amaxabiso aphantsi athetha PS.ixabiso.Amaxabiso aphezulu e-Fv/Fm abonisa ukuba uthutho lwe-electron ukuya kwi-PSII lunokuzisa ii-photons42 ezininzi, nto leyo enokukhokelela kumazinga aphezulu okulungiswa kwe-CO2.Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba idatha ye-photophysiological yafunyanwa kwiiseli ezinqunyanyiswe kwizisombululo ze-latex ezinamanzi kwaye zisenokungafani ngokuthe ngqo nee-biocomposites ezivuthiweyo.
Ukuba i-latex idala umqobo ekukhanyeni kunye / okanye ukutshintshiselana kwegesi okubangelwa ukukhanya kunye nokunciphisa i-CO2, kunokubangela uxinzelelo lweselula kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza, kwaye ukuba kuchaphazela ukukhululwa kwe-O2, i-photorespiration39.Ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya kweengubo eziphilisiweyo kuhlolwe: "inzima" i-latex ibonise ukwehla okuncinci ekuhanjisweni kokukhanya phakathi kwe-440 kunye ne-480 nm (iphuculwe inxalenye ngokunyusa ukuxinwa kwe-Texanol ngenxa yokuphucula i-coalescence yefilimu), ngelixa "ithambile" kwaye "rhoqo". ” I-latex ibonise ukuhla okuncinci kokuhanjiswa kokukhanya.ayibonisi lahleko ibonakalayo.Iimvavanyo, nazo zonke izinto zokufukanyelwa, zenziwe ngokukhanya okuphantsi kokukhanya (30.5 µmol m-2 s-1), ngoko ke nayiphi na i-photosynthetically esebenzayo ngemitha ngenxa ye-polymer matrix iyakuhlawulwa kwaye inokuba luncedo ekuthinteleni ukunqanda ukufotokopa.kumandla okukhanya okwenzakalisayo.
I-Biocomposite CCAP 1479/1A isebenze ngexesha leentsuku ezingama-84 zovavanyo, ngaphandle kokuthengiswa kwezondlo okanye ilahleko enkulu ye-biomass, eyona njongo iphambili yophononongo.Ukuchithwa kweseli kunokunxulunyaniswa nenkqubo ye-chlorosis ekuphenduleni indlala ye-nitrogen ukuphumeza ukuhlala ixesha elide (imeko yokuphumla), enokunceda iiseli ziqalise ukukhula emva kokuba kufunyenwe ukuqokelela okwaneleyo kwe-nitrogen.Imifanekiso ye-SEM iqinisekisile ukuba iiseli zahlala ngaphakathi kwengubo naphezu kokuhlukana kweeseli, kubonisa ukunyaniseka kwe-latex "ethambileyo" kwaye ngaloo ndlela ibonisa inzuzo ecacileyo phezu kwenguqulo yovavanyo.I-latex "ethambileyo" iqulethe malunga ne-70% ye-butyl acrylate (ngokobunzima), ephezulu kakhulu kunogxininiso oluchaziweyo lwengubo eguquguqukayo emva kokumisa44.
I-Net uptake ye-CO2 yayiphezulu kakhulu kunolawulo lokumiswa (14-20 kunye ne-3-8 amaxesha aphezulu kwi-S. elongatus CCAP 1479 / 1A kunye ne-PCC 7942, ngokulandelanayo).Ngaphambili, sasebenzisa imodeli yokudlulisa ubuninzi be-CO2 ukubonisa ukuba umqhubi oyintloko we-CO2 yokunyusa i-CO2 i-concentration gradient ebukhali kumphezulu we-biocomposite31 kwaye ukusebenza kwe-biocomposite kunokunciphisa ukuchasana nokudluliselwa kobuninzi.Le ngxaki inokoyiswa ngokubandakanya izithako ezingenayo ityhefu, ezingezizo ifilimu ezenza i-latex ukwandisa i-porosity kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwe-coating26, kodwa ukugcinwa kweeseli kunokuphazamiseka njengoko esi sicwangciso siya kubangela ukuba ifilimu ebuthathaka20.Ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali kunokutshintshwa ngexesha le-polymerization ukwandisa i-porosity, eyona ndlela ingcono kakhulu, ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso yezoshishino kunye ne-scalability45.
Ukusebenza kwe-biocomposite entsha xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo zamva nje zisebenzisa i-biocomposites ezivela kwi-microalgae kunye ne-cyanobacteria zibonise inzuzo ekulungiseni izinga lokulayishwa kweeseli (Itheyibhile 1) 21,46 kunye namaxesha okuhlalutya amade (iintsuku ze-84 ngokubhekiselele kwiiyure ze-15 kunye ne-3 iiveki21).
Umxholo we-volumetric we-carbohydrates kwiiseli uthelekisa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nezinye izifundo47,48,49,50 usebenzisa i-cyanobacteria kwaye isetyenziswe njengendlela enokubakho yokubanjwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokusetyenziswa / ukubuyiswa kwezicelo, njengeenkqubo zokuvutshelwa kwe-BECCS49,51 okanye ukuveliswa kwezinto eziphilayo. i-bioplastics52.Njengenxalenye yengqiqo yolu phononongo, sithatha ukuba ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, nokuba kuqwalaselwe kwingqikelelo ye-BECCS ekhutshwayo engalunganga, ayilonyango lokutshintsha kwemozulu kwaye idla isabelo esothusayo somhlaba olimekayo6.Njengovavanyo lokucinga, kwaqikelelwa ukuba phakathi kwe-640 kunye ne-950 i-GtCO2 kuya kufuneka isuswe kwi-atmosfera ngo-2100 ukunciphisa ukunyuka kobushushu behlabathi ukuya kwi-1.5 ° C53 (malunga ne-8 ukuya kwi-12 GtCO2 ngonyaka).Ukufezekisa oku nge-biocomposite esebenza ngcono (i-574.08 ± 30.19 t CO2 t-1 biomass ngonyaka-1) kuya kufuna ukwandiswa kwevolumu ukusuka kwi-5.5 × 1010 ukuya kwi-8.2 × 1010 m3 (ngempumelelo efaniswayo ye-photosynthetic), equlethe ukusuka kwi-192 yeebhiliyoni zeelitha ze-2. ipholima.Kucingelwa ukuba i-1 m3 ye-biocomposites ithatha i-1 m2 yomhlaba, ummandla ofunekayo ukufunxa i-CO2 ekujoliswe kuyo yonyaka iyonke iya kuba phakathi kwe-5.5 kunye ne-8.17 yezigidi zeehektare, elingana ne-0.18-0.27% efanelekileyo kubomi bemihlaba kwiindawo ezitshisayo, kunye nokunciphisa indawo yomhlaba.Isidingo se-BECCS ngo-98-99%.Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umlinganiselo wokubamba ithiyori isekelwe kwi-CO2 yokufunxa erekhodwe ekukhanyeni okuphantsi.Nje ukuba i-biocomposite ibonakaliswe kukukhanya kwendalo okubukhali ngakumbi, isantya sokunyuka kwe-CO2 siyenyuka, sinciphisa ngakumbi iimfuno zomhlaba kunye nokubethelela isikali ngakumbi kwingqikelelo ye-biocomposite.Nangona kunjalo, ukuphunyezwa kufuneka kube kwi-ikhweyitha ukwenzela ukuqina kwe-backlight rhoqo kunye nobude.
Umphumo wehlabathi jikelele wokuchumisa i-CO2, oko kukuthi ukwanda kwemveliso yezityalo okubangelwa ukwanda kokufumaneka kwe-CO2, kuye kwehla kwiindawo ezininzi zomhlaba, mhlawumbi ngenxa yeenguqu kwizondlo eziphambili zomhlaba (N kunye ne-P) kunye nemithombo yamanzi7.Oku kuthetha ukuba i-photosynthesis yasemhlabeni ayinakukhokelela ekonyukeni kwe-CO2, nangona i-CO2 igxininisekile emoyeni.Kulo mxholo, izicwangciso zokunciphisa ukuguquka kwemozulu ezisekelwe emhlabeni ezifana ne-BECCS ziyakwazi ukuphumelela.Ukuba le nto yehlabathi iqinisekisiwe, i-lichen-inspired biocomposite yethu inokuba yinto engundoqo, ukuguqula iintsholongwane ze-photosynthetic zasemanzini ezineseli enye zibe "zii-agent ezisemhlabeni."Uninzi lwezityalo ezisemhlabeni zilungisa i-CO2 nge-C3 photosynthesis, ngelixa izityalo ze-C4 zithandeka ngakumbi kwiindawo zokuhlala ezifudumeleyo, ezomileyo kwaye zisebenza kakuhle kuxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-CO254.I-Cyanobacteria inikezela ngenye indlela enokuthi ikhuphe izibikezelo ezothusayo zokunciphisa i-carbon dioxide exposure kwizityalo zeC3.I-Cyanobacteria iyoyisile imida yokuphefumla ngokuphuhlisa indlela esebenzayo yokutyebisa ikhabhoni apho uxinzelelo oluyinxenye oluphezulu lwe-CO2 lubonakaliswa kwaye lugcinwe yi-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) ngaphakathi kwe-carboxysomes ngeenxa zonke.Ukuba imveliso ye-cyanobacterial biocomposites inokunyuswa, oku kunokuba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kuluntu ekulweni nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
I-Biocomposites (i-lichen mimics) inikezela ngeenzuzo ezicacileyo ngaphezu kweenkcubeko ze-microalgae eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-cyanobacteria, ukubonelela ngemilinganiselo ephezulu ye-CO2 yokuthatha, ukunciphisa ingozi yongcoliseko, kunye nokuphepha okuthembisayo kwe-CO2.Iindleko zinciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, amanzi kunye nezondlo56.Olu pho nonongo lubonisa ukuba nokwenzeka kokuphuhlisa kunye nokuvelisa i-latex ephezulu ye-biocompatible latex, xa idibaniswa ne-sponge ye-loofah njenge-substrate yomviwa, inokubonelela ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-CO2 kwisithuba seenyanga zotyando ngelixa igcina ilahleko yeseli ubuncinane.I-Biocomposites ngokwethiyori inokuthatha malunga ne-570 t CO2 t-1 ye-biomass ngonyaka kwaye inokubonakala ibaluleke ngakumbi kunezicwangciso ze-BECCS zokugawulwa kwamahlathi kwimpendulo yethu kutshintsho lwemozulu.Ngokuphuculwa ngakumbi kokwakheka kwepolymer, uvavanyo kukukhanya okuphezulu, kunye nokudityaniswa nobunjineli obucokisekileyo bemetabolism, iinjineli zendalo zebhayogeoeji zinokuphinda zincede.
I-acrylic latex polymers yalungiswa ngokusebenzisa umxube we-styrene monomers, i-butyl acrylate kunye ne-acrylic acid, kwaye i-pH yahlengahlengiswa kwi-7 kunye ne-0.1 M ye-sodium hydroxide (itafile ye-2).I-Styrene kunye ne-butyl acrylate zenza ubuninzi beekhonkco ze-polymer, ngelixa i-acrylic acid inceda ukugcina iincinci ze-latex kwi-suspension57.Iimpawu zesakhiwo se-latex zichongwa ngukushisa kweglasi (Tg), elawulwa ngokutshintsha umlinganiselo we-styrene kunye ne-butyl acrylate, enika iimpawu "ezinzima" kunye "ezithambileyo", ngokulandelanayo58.I-acrylic latex polymer eqhelekileyo yi-50:50 styrene:butyl acrylate 30, ngoko ke kolu phononongo ilatex enale ratio yayibhekiselwa kuyo njenge "normal" latex, kunye nelatex enomxholo ophezulu westyrene kwakubhekiswa kuyo njengelatex enomxholo osezantsi westyrene. .ebizwa ngokuba "thambile" njenge "nzima".
I-emulsion yokuqala yalungiswa ngokusebenzisa amanzi adibeneyo (174 g), i-sodium bicarbonate (0.5 g) kunye ne-Rhodapex Ab / 20 surfactant (30.92 g) (Solvay) ukuzinzisa amaconsi angama-30 e-monomer.Ukusebenzisa isirinji yeglasi (iScience Glass Engineering) enempompo yesirinji, i-aliquot yesibini equlethe i-styrene, i-butyl acrylate kunye ne-acrylic acid edweliswe kwiThebhile 2 yongezwa nge-dropwise ngesantya se-100 ml h-1 kwi-emulsion yokuqala kwiiyure ze-4 (Cole -Palmer, Mount Vernon, Illinois).Lungiselela isisombululo se-polymerization initiator 59 usebenzisa i-dHO kunye ne-ammonium persulfate (100 ml, 3% w/w).
Gxuma isisombululo esiqulethe i-dHO (206 g), i-sodium bicarbonate (1 g) kunye ne-Rhodapex Ab / 20 (4.42 g) usebenzisa i-stirrer ephezulu (i-Heidolph Hei-TORQUE ixabiso le-100) kunye ne-propeller yensimbi engenasici kunye nokushisa kwi-82 ° C kwi- isitya esifakwe ibhatyi yamanzi kwi-VWR Scientific 1137P yokuhlambela amanzi ashushu.Isisombululo esincitshisiweyo sobunzima be-monomer (28.21 g) kunye ne-initiator (20.60 g) yongezwa i-dropwise kwisitya esifakwe ibhatyi kwaye yaxutywa imizuzu engama-20.Hlanganisa ngamandla i-monomer eseleyo (150 ml h-1) kunye ne-initiator (27 ml h-1) izisombululo zokugcina amasuntswana amisiweyo ade adityaniswe kwibhatyi yamanzi ngaphezulu kwe-5 h usebenzisa i-10 ml yesirinji kunye ne-100 ml ngokulandelelana kwisitya. .igqitywe ngempompo yesirinji.Isantya se-stirrer sanyuswa ngenxa yokunyuka komthamo we-slurry ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwe-slurry.Emva kokongeza umqalisi kunye ne-emulsion, ubushushu bokuphendula buphakanyiswe ukuya kuma-85 ° C, buxutywe kakuhle kwi-450 rpm imizuzu engama-30, emva koko bupholile ukuya kwi-65 ° C.Emva kokupholisa, izisombululo ezibini zokufuduka zongezwa kwi-latex: i-tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) (i-70% emanzini) (5 g, i-14% ngesisindo) kunye ne-isoascorbic acid (5 g, i-10% ngesisindo)..Yongeza i-t-BHP yehla ngethontsi kwaye ushiye imizuzu engama-20.I-Erythorbic acid yongezwa ngokomlinganiselo we-4 ml / h ukusuka kwi-syringe ye-10 ml usebenzisa impompo yesirinji.Isisombululo se-latex saye sapholiswa kwiqondo lokushisa kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwi-pH 7 kunye ne-0.1M ye-sodium hydroxide.
I-2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (i-Texanol) - i-coalescent ephantsi ye-biodegradable coalescent yepende ye-latex ye-37,60 - yongezwa ngesirinji kunye nepompo kwimiqulu emithathu (0, 4, 12% v / v) njenge-coalescing agent yomxube welatex ukuququzelela ukubunjwa kwefilimu ngexesha lokumisa37.Ipesenteji ye-latex solids yamiselwa ngokubeka i-100 µl yepolymer nganye kumnqwazi wefoil ye-aluminiyam ekalikiwe kwangaphambili kwaye yomiswe kwi-oven eyi-100°C iiyure ezingama-24.
Ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya, umxube welatex ngamnye wawusetyenziswa kwisilayidi semakroskopu kusetyenziswa ityhubhu yentsimbi engenastainless yokulahla elungelelaniswe ukuvelisa iifilimu eziyi-100 µm kwaye zomiswe kwi-20°C iiyure ezingama-48.Ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya (kugxile kwimitha ye-photosynthetically esebenzayo, λ 400-700 nm) kulinganiswe kwi-ILT950 SpectriLight spectroradiometer enenzwa kumgama wama-35 cm ukusuka kwisibane se-fluorescent esingama-30 W (Sylvania Luxline Plus, n = 6) – apho ukukhanya umthombo wawuyi-cyanobacteria kunye nezinto eziphilayo Izinto ezihlanganisiweyo zigcinwa.I-SpectrILight III inguqulo yesofthiwe ye-3.5 yayisetyenziselwa ukurekhoda ukukhanya kunye nokuhanjiswa kwi-λ 400-700 nm61 uluhlu.Zonke iisampulu zibekwe phezu kwenzwa, kwaye izilayidi zeglasi ezingafakwanga zisetyenziswe njengolawulo.
Iisampulu zeLatex zongezwa kwisitya sokubhaka se-silicone kwaye zavunyelwa ukuba zome iiyure ezingama-24 ngaphambi kokuba zivavanyelwe ukuqina.Beka isampuli ye-latex eyomileyo kwi-cap yensimbi phantsi kwe-microscope ye-x10.Emva kokugxila, iisampulu zavavanywa kwi-Buehler Micromet II microhardness tester.Isampuli yayiphantsi kwamandla e-100 ukuya kwi-200 grams kwaye ixesha lomthwalo libekwe kwimizuzwana ye-7 ukudala i-diamond dent kwisampuli.Ushicilelo lwahlalutywa kusetyenziswa iBruker Alicona × 10 injongo yemicroscope kunye nesoftware yokulinganisa imilo eyongezelelweyo.I-Vickers hardness formula (i-Equation 1) isetyenziselwe ukubala ubulukhuni belatex nganye, apho i-HV iyinombolo yeVickers, u-F ingamandla asetyenziswayo, kwaye u-d ngumyinge we-diagonal ye-ident ebalwa ukusuka kumphakamo kunye nobubanzi be-latex.ixabiso lokuhambelana.I-latex "ethambileyo" ayinakulinganiswa ngenxa yokubambelela kunye nokwelula ngexesha lovavanyo lokungena.
Ukumisela iqondo lokushisa kweglasi (Tg) yokubunjwa kwe-latex, iisampulu zepolymer zifakwe kwi-silica gel izitya, zomiswe ngeeyure ezingama-24, zilinganiswe kwi-0.005 g, kwaye zifakwe kwisitya sesampuli.Isitya sasifakwe kwi-capped kwaye sifakwe kwi-colorimeter yohlulo lokuskena (PerkinElmer DSC 8500, Intercooler II, isofthiwe yokuhlalutya idatha yePyris)62.Indlela yokuhamba kobushushu isetyenziselwa ukubeka iikomityi zereferensi kunye neekomityi zesampulu kwi-oveni enye kunye neprobe yobushushu eyakhelweyo ukulinganisa ubushushu.Iirempu ezimbini zizonke zisetyenziselwe ukudala igophe elingaguqukiyo.Indlela yesampulu iphakanyiswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukusuka kwi-20 ° C ukuya kwi-180 ° C ngesantya se-20 ° C ngomzuzu.Indawo nganye yokuqala kunye neyokugqibela igcinwa ngomzuzu we-1 ukuze i-akhawunti ye-lag yeqondo lokushisa.
Ukuvavanya amandla e-biocomposite ukufunxa i-CO2, iisampuli zalungiswa kwaye zavavanywa ngendlela efanayo nakwisifundo sethu sangaphambili31.Ilaphu lokuhlamba elomisiweyo kunye ne-autoclaved yasikwa ibe yimicu emalunga ne-1x1x5 cm kwaye ilinganiswe.Faka i-600 µl kwezona zinto zimbini ze-biocoatings zisebenza kakuhle kwi-cyanobacteria nganye strain ukuya kwelinye icala lomcu we-loofah ngamnye, ugqume malunga ne-1 × 1 × 3 cm, kwaye wome ebumnyameni nge-20°C iiyure ezingama-24.Ngenxa yobume be-macroporous ye-loofah, enye yefomyula yachithwa, ngoko ke ukulayishwa kweseli kwakungeyona i-100%.Ukoyisa le ngxaki, ubunzima bokulungiselela okomileyo kwi-loofah bunqunywe kwaye buqheleke kwireferensi yokulungiselela okomileyo.Ulawulo lwe-Abiotic olubandakanya i-loofah, i-latex, kunye ne-sterile yesondlo esiphakathi zalungiswa ngendlela efanayo.
Ukwenza i-half-batch ye-CO2 yokuvavanya uvavanyo, faka i-biocomposite (n = 3) kwi-tube yeglasi ye-50 ml ukwenzela ukuba enye isiphelo se-biocomposite (ngaphandle kwe-biocoating) idibane ne-5 ml ye-medium yokukhula, evumela ukuba isondlo zihanjiswe ngentshukumo ye-capillary..Ibhotile ivalwe nge-buyl rubber cork enobubanzi obuyi-20 mm kunye ne-crimp nge-cap ye-aluminium esiliva.Emva kokuba utywinwe, faka i-45 ml ye-5% ye-CO2 / umoya ngenaliti eyinyumba efakwe kwisirinji eqinile ngegesi.Ukuxinana kweeseli zokulawula ukumiswa (n = 3) kwakulingana nomthwalo weseli we-biocomposite kwindawo yezondlo.Iimvavanyo zenziwa kwi-18 ± 2 °C kunye ne-photoperiod ye-16:8 kunye ne-photoperiod ye-30.5 µmol m-2 s-1.Indawo yentloko isuswe rhoqo ngeentsuku ezimbini ngesirinji eqinile ngegesi kwaye ihlalutywe ngemitha ye-CO2 ene-infrared absorption GEOTech G100 ukumisela ipesenti ye-CO2 efunxayo.Yongeza umthamo olinganayo we-CO2 umxube wegesi.
I-% CO2 Fix ibalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: % CO2 Fix = 5% (v / v) - bhala% CO2 (i-equation 2) apho i-P = uxinzelelo, V = umthamo, T = ubushushu, kunye ne-R = i-gas efanelekileyo rhoqo.
Ingxelo ye-CO2 yokuthatha imilinganiselo yokulawula ukunqunyanyiswa kwe-cyanobacteria kunye ne-biocomposites zenziwe ziqhelekileyo kulawulo olungelulo lwebhayoloji.Iyunithi esebenzayo ye-g biomass sisixa sebhayomass eyomileyo engashukumiyo kwilaphu lokuhlamba.Imiselwa ngokulinganisa iisampulu ze-loofah ngaphambi nasemva kokulungiswa kweeseli.Ukubalwa kobunzima bomthwalo weseli (i-biomass elingana) ngokulinganisa ngamnye amalungiselelo phambi nasemva kokomisa nokubala ukuxinana kokulungiswa kweeseli (inxaki 3).Ukulungiswa kweeseli kucingelwa ukuba ku-homogeneous ngexesha lokulungiswa.
I-Minitab 18 kunye ne-Microsoft Excel kunye ne-RealStatistics add-in zisetyenziselwe uhlalutyo lwamanani.Isiqhelo savavanywa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lwe-Anderson-Darling, kwaye ukulingana kokwahluka kwavavanywa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lweLevene.Idatha eyanelisayo ezi ngcamango zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lweendlela ezimbini zokungafani (ANOVA) kunye novavanyo lukaTukey njengohlalutyo lwe-post hoc.Idatha yeendlela ezimbini ezingazange zihlangabezane neengcinga eziqhelekileyo kunye nokwahluka okulinganayo kwahlalutywa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lwe-Shirer-Ray-Hara kwaye emva koko uvavanyo lwe-Mann-Whitney U-ukufumanisa ukubaluleka phakathi kwonyango.Iimodeli ezixubeneyo ezixubeneyo (GLM) zisetyenziselwa idatha engeyiyo eqhelekileyo kunye nezinto ezintathu, apho idatha yatshintshwa kusetyenziswa i-Johnson transform63.Ulungelelwaniso lomzuzwana lweemveliso zePearson lwenziwa ukuvavanya ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lwe-Texanol, ubushushu beglasi yokutshintsha, kunye netyhefu ye-latex kunye nedatha yokubambelela.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-05-2023