I-S32205 i-Duplex 2205 i-stainless steel chemical composition Impembelelo yobude be-capillary kwiimpawu zefriji ehambelana nokusingqongileyo i-R152a kwiifriji zasekhaya.

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Iinkcukacha-Duplex 2205

• I-ASTM: A790, A815, A182
• ASME: SA790, SA815, SA182

Ukubunjwa kwemichiza - iDuplex 2205

Izicelo eziqhelekileyo-iDuplex 2205

Ezinye zezicelo eziqhelekileyo ze-duplex steel grade 2205 zidweliswe ngezantsi:

• Izitshintshi zobushushu, iityhubhu kunye nemibhobho yokuvelisa kunye nokuphathwa kwegesi kunye neoli
• Izitshintshi zobushushu kunye nemibhobho kwizityalo zokukhupha ityuwa
• Iinqanawa zoxinzelelo, imibhobho, iitanki kunye nokutshintshana kobushushu bokusebenza kunye nokuhanjiswa kweekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo
• Iinqanawa zoxinzelelo, iitanki kunye nemibhobho kumashishini enkqubo yokuphatha i-chlorides
• Iirotha, iifeni, iishafti kunye nemiqulu yokucofa apho kunokusetyenziswa amandla okudinwa okuphezulu.
• Iitanki zempahla, imibhobho kunye nezinto ezisetyenziselwa ukuwelda kwiiitanki zekhemikhali

Iipropati Zomzimba

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo zebakala 2205 zentsimbi ezingenasici zidweliswe ngezantsi.

Iinkqubo zokufudumeza ekhaya kunye nokupholisa zihlala zisebenzisa izixhobo ze-capillary.Ukusetyenziswa kwee-capillaries ezijikelezayo kuphelisa imfuno yezixhobo zefriji ezilula kwisistim.Uxinzelelo lwe-Capillary ubukhulu becala luxhomekeke kwiiparamitha zejometri ye-capillary, njengobude, ububanzi obuphakathi kunye nomgama phakathi kwabo.Eli nqaku ligxininisa kwimpembelelo yobude be-capillary ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo.Ii-capillaries ezintathu zobude obahlukeneyo zisetyenziswe kwiimvavanyo.Idatha ye-R152a yavavanywa phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo ukuvavanya umphumo wobude obahlukeneyo.Ukusebenza okuphezulu kufumaneka kwiqondo lokushisa le-evaporator -12 ° C kunye nobude be-capillary ye-3.65 m.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukusebenza kwenkqubo kuyanda ngokunyuka ubude be-capillary ukuya kwi-3.65 m xa kuthelekiswa ne-3.35 m kunye ne-3.96 m.Ngoko ke, xa ubude be-capillary bukhula ngesixa esithile, ukusebenza kwenkqubo kuyanda.Iziphumo zovavanyo zithelekiswa neziphumo zohlalutyo lwe-computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Isikhenkcezisi sisixhobo sokukhenkceza esibandakanya i-insulated compartment, kunye nenkqubo yefriji yinkqubo eyenza umphumo wokupholisa kwi-insulated compartment.Ukupholisa kuchazwa njengenkqubo yokususa ubushushu kwindawo ethile okanye kwinto ethile nokudlulisela obo bushushu kwesinye isithuba okanye into.Iifriji ngoku zisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukugcina ukutya okonakalayo kumaqondo obushushu akwindawo ethile, ukonakaliswa kokukhula kwebhaktiriya kunye nezinye iinkqubo zicotha kakhulu kwiifriji zobushushu obuphantsi.Iifriji zisebenza ulwelo olusetyenziswa njengezikhenkcezisi okanye izikhenkcezisi kwiinkqubo zefriji.Izikhenkcezisi ziqokelela ubushushu ngobushushu obuphantsi kunye noxinzelelo emva koko zijike kubushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo, zikhuphe ubushushu.Igumbi libonakala liya liphola njengoko ubushushu buphuma kwisikhenkcisi.Inkqubo yokupholisa yenzeke kwinkqubo equkethe i-compressor, i-condenser, i-capillary tubes kunye ne-evaporator.Iifriji zizixhobo zefriji ezisetyenziswa kolu phando.Iifriji zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulo lonke ihlabathi, yaye esi sixhobo siye sayimfuneko yasekhaya.Iifriji zale mihla zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu, kodwa uphando lokuphucula inkqubo lusaqhuba.Eyona nto ingalunganga ye-R134a kukuba ayaziwa njengetyhefu kodwa inamandla aphezulu eGlobal Warming Potential (GWP).I-R134a yeefriji zamakhaya ibandakanyiwe kwiSivumelwano sase-Kyoto seNgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoTshintsho lweMozulu1,2.Nangona kunjalo, ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwe-R134a kufanele kuncitshiswe kakhulu3.Ukusuka kwimbono yokusingqongileyo, yezemali kunye nempilo, kubalulekile ukufumana iifriji eziphantsi zokufudumala kwehlabathi4.Amaphononongo amaninzi angqina ukuba i-R152a yifriji ehambelana nokusingqongileyo.U-Mohanraj et al.5 baphande ngethiyori enokwenzeka yokusebenzisa i-R152a kunye neefriji zehydrocarbon kwiifriji zasekhaya.Ii-hydrocarbons zifunyenwe zingasebenzi njengezikhenkcisi ezizimeleyo.I-R152a yonga amandla ngakumbi kwaye ayihambelani nokusingqongileyo kuneefriji zokuphuma.uBolaji nabanye6.Ukusebenza kweefriji ezintathu ze-HFC ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo kuthelekiswe kwisikhenkcisi esicinezela umphunga.Bagqibe kwelokuba i-R152a ingasetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokucinezela umphunga kwaye inokungena endaweni ye-R134a.I-R32 inezingeloncedo ezifana nombane ophezulu kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi yokusebenza (COP).UBolaji et al.Abasi-7 bavavanya i-R152a kunye ne-R32 njengebambela i-R134a kwiifriji zasekhaya.Ngokophononongo, umndilili osebenzayo we-R152a yi-4.7% ngaphezulu kwaleyo ye-R134a.Cabello et al.ivavanywe i-R152a kunye ne-R134a kwisixhobo sokukhenkceza ngeecompressor ze-hermetic.8. UBolaji et al9 bavavanye i-R152a yefriji kwiinkqubo zesikhenkcisi.Bagqibe kwelokuba i-R152a yayiyeyona inamandla ombane, ine-10.6% yokupholisa okunganeno ngetoni nganye kune-R134a yangaphambili.I-R152a ibonisa umthamo ophezulu wokupholisa umthamo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.U-Chavkhan et al.10 bahlalutye iimpawu ze-R134a kunye ne-R152a.Kuphononongo lweefriji ezimbini, i-R152a yafunyaniswa iyeyona inamandla ombane.I-R152a iyi-3.769% ngokuchaneka ngakumbi kune-R134a kwaye inokusetyenziswa njengendawo ethe ngqo.U-Bolaji et al.11 baphande ngeefriji ezine-GWP ephantsi njengee-R134a kwiinkqubo zesikhenkcisi ngenxa yokuncipha kwazo kobushushu behlabathi.Phakathi kwezikhenkcezisi ezivavanyiweyo, i-R152a ineyona ndlela iphezulu yokusebenza kwamandla, inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kombane ngetoni nganye yesikhenkcisi ngama-30.5% xa kuthelekiswa ne-R134a.Ngokwababhali, i-R161 ifuna ukuyilwa ngokutsha ngokupheleleyo phambi kokuba isetyenziswe njengokutshintsha.Umsebenzi ohlukeneyo wokulinga uqhutywe ngabaphandi abaninzi befriji yasekhaya ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kwe-GWP ephantsi kunye ne-R134a-edibeneyo ye-refrigerant systems njengokutshintshwa okuzayo kwiinkqubo zefriji12,13,14,15,16,17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 Baskaran et al.24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 bafunde ukusebenza kweefriji ezininzi ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo kunye nokudibanisa kwazo ne-R134a njengenye indlela iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo zoxinzelelo lomphunga.Inkqubo.UTiwari et al.I-36 isetyenzisiwe iimvavanyo kunye nohlalutyo lwe-CFD ukuthelekisa ukusebenza kweetyhubhu ze-capillary kunye neefriji ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-tube diameters.Sebenzisa isoftware ye-ANSYS CFX ukuhlalutya.Olona yilo luhle kakhulu lwekhoyili luyacetyiswa.U-Punia et al.16 uphande isiphumo sobude be-capillary, i-diameter kunye ne-coil diameter kwi-mass flow ye-LPG yefriji nge-coil ejikelezayo.Ngokweziphumo zophando, ukulungelelanisa ubude be-capillary kuluhlu olusuka kwi-4.5 ukuya kwi-2.5 m luvumela ukwandisa ukuhamba kobuninzi ngomlinganiselo we-25%.U-Söylemez et al.16 benze uhlalutyo lwe-CFD lwegumbi lokuhlaziyeka kwefriji yasekhaya (DR) besebenzisa iimodeli ezintathu ezahlukeneyo ezinesiphithiphithi (viscous) ukuze bafumane ukuqonda ngesantya sokupholisa sekhompatimenti yokuhlaziyeka kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamaqondo obushushu emoyeni nakwikhompatimenti ngexesha lokulayisha.Uqikelelo lwemodeli ephuhlisiweyo yeCFD lubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuhamba komoya kunye namabala obushushu ngaphakathi kweFFC.
Eli nqaku lixoxa ngeziphumo zophononongo lokulinga ukufumanisa ukusebenza kweefriji zasemakhaya zisebenzisa i-R152a yefriji, ehambelana nokusingqongileyo kwaye ayinayo umngcipheko we-ozone depletion potential (ODP).
Kolu phononongo, i-3.35 m, 3.65 m kunye ne-3.96 m ii-capillaries zakhethwa njengeendawo zovavanyo.Imifuniselo iye yenziwa ngobushushu behlabathi obuphantsi i-R152a yesibandisi kunye neeparamitha zokusebenza zibaliwe.Indlela yokuziphatha yefriji kwi-capillary nayo yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa isoftware yeCFD.Iziphumo zeCFD zithelekiswe neziphumo zovavanyo.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1, unokubona ifoto ye-185 ilitha yefriji yasekhaya esetyenziselwa isifundo.Iqukethe i-evaporator, i-compressor ye-hermetic reciprocating kunye ne-condenser epholile ngomoya.Iigeyiji ezine zoxinzelelo zifakwe kwi-compressor inlet, i-condenser inlet kunye ne-evaporator outlet.Ukuthintela ukungcangcazela ngexesha lovavanyo, ezi mitha zifakwe kwiphaneli.Ukufunda ubushushu be-thermocouple, zonke iingcingo ze-thermocouple zixhunyiwe kwi-scanner ye-thermocouple.Izixhobo ezilishumi zokulinganisa ubushushu zifakwe kwi-evaporator inlet, i-compressor suction, i-compressor discharge, i-compartment yefriji kunye ne-inlet, i-condenser inlet, i-compartment yefriji kunye ne-condenser outlet.Umbane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwangoku kuyaxelwa.I-flowmeter edibeneyo kwicandelo lombhobho igxininiswe kwibhodi yokhuni.Ukurekhoda kugcinwa rhoqo kwimizuzwana ye-10 kusetyenziswa iyunithi yoMashini woLuntu (HMI).Iglasi yokubona isetyenziselwa ukujonga ukufana kokuhamba kwe-condensate.
I-Selec MFM384 ammeter ene-input voltage ye-100-500 V isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa amandla kunye namandla.I-port yenkonzo yenkqubo ifakwe phezulu kwe-compressor yokutshaja kunye nokutshaja ifriji.Inyathelo lokuqala kukukhupha ukufuma kwisistim ngezibuko lenkonzo.Ukususa nakuphi na ukungcoliseka kwinkqubo, yigungxule ngenitrogen.Inkqubo ihlawuliswa ngokusebenzisa ipompo yokucoca, ekhupha iyunithi kuxinzelelo lwe-30 mmHg.Itheyibhile 1 idwelisa iimpawu zovavanyo lwefriji yasekhaya, kwaye iThebhile 2 idwelisa amaxabiso alinganisiweyo, kunye noluhlu lwabo kunye nokuchaneka.
Iimpawu zeefriji ezisetyenziswa kwiifriji zasekhaya kunye neefriji ziboniswe kwiThebhile yesi-3.
Uvavanyo lwenziwe ngokweengcebiso ze-ASHRAE Handbook 2010 phantsi kwezi meko zilandelayo:
Ukongeza, xa kunokwenzeka, kwatshekishwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ziyaphinda ziphinde zenziwe.Ngethuba nje iimeko zokusebenza zihlala zizinzile, ubushushu, uxinzelelo, ukuhamba kwefriji kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kurekhodwa.Ubushushu, uxinzelelo, amandla, amandla kunye nokuhamba kuyalinganiswa ukumisela ukusebenza kwenkqubo.Fumana isiphumo sokupholisa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuhamba kobunzima obuthile kunye namandla kubushushu obunikiweyo.
Ukusebenzisa i-CFD ukuhlalutya ukuhamba kwesigaba esibini kwi-coil ye-spiral yefriji yasekhaya, umphumo wobude be-capillary ingabalwa lula.Uhlalutyo lweCFD lwenza kube lula ukulandelela ukuhamba kwamasuntswana olwelo.Ifriji edlula ngaphakathi kwikhoyili ejikelezayo yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yeCFD FLUENT.Itheyibhile yesi-4 ibonisa imilinganiselo yeekhoyili ze-capillary.
I-FLUENT software mesh simulator iya kuvelisa imodeli yoyilo lwesakhiwo kunye ne-mesh (iMizobo 2, 3 kunye ne-4 ibonisa i-ANSYS inguqulo ye-Fluent).Umthamo wamanzi wombhobho usetyenziselwa ukudala umnatha womda.Le yigridi esetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo.
Imodeli yeCFD yaphuhliswa kusetyenziswa iqonga le-ANSYS FLUENT.Kuphela indalo ejikelezayo yamanzi imelwe, ngoko ke ukuhamba kwenyoka nganye ye-capillary imodeli ngokobubanzi be-capillary.
Imodeli yeGEOMETRY yangeniswa ngaphandle kwinkqubo ye-ANSYS MESH.I-ANSYS ibhala ikhowudi apho i-ANSYS iyindibaniselwano yeemodeli kunye neemeko zomda ezongezelelweyo.Kwikhiwane.I-4 ibonisa umbhobho-3 (3962.4 mm) imodeli kwi-ANSYS FLUENT.Izinto zeTetrahedral zibonelela ngokufana okuphezulu, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5. Emva kokudala i-mesh ephambili, ifayile igcinwa njenge-mesh.Icala lekhoyili libizwa ngokuba yi-inlet, ngelixa elinye icala lijongene ne-outlet.Ezi buso ezingqukuva zigcinwa njengeendonga zombhobho.Imidiya yolwelo isetyenziselwa ukwakha iimodeli.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba umsebenzisi uziva njani ngoxinzelelo, isisombululo sakhethwa kwaye ukhetho lwe-3D lukhethiwe.Ifomula yokuvelisa amandla yenziwe yasebenza.
Xa ukuqukuqela kujongwa njengesiphithiphithi, akunamda kakhulu.Ngoko ke, ukuhamba kwe-K-epsilon kwakhethwa.
Ukuba kukhethwe enye indlela echazwe ngumsebenzisi, okusingqongileyo kuya kuba: Kuchaza iimpawu ze-thermodynamic ze-R152a yefriji.Iimpawu zefom zigcinwa njengezinto zesiseko sedatha.
Iimeko zemozulu zihlala zingatshintshi.Isantya sokungena sinqunywe, uxinzelelo lwe-12.5 bar kunye nobushushu be-45 °C buchazwe.
Ekugqibeleni, kwi-iteration yeshumi elinesihlanu, isisombululo sivavanywa kwaye siguqulela kwi-figure yeshumi elinesihlanu, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 7.
Yindlela yokwenza imephu kunye nokuhlalutya iziphumo.Uxinzelelo lweploti kunye nobushushu bedatha yelophu usebenzisa iMonitor.Emva koko, uxinzelelo olupheleleyo kunye nobushushu kunye neeparitha zeqondo lokushisa ngokubanzi zinqunywe.Le datha ibonisa ukuhla koxinzelelo olupheleleyo kwiikhoyili (1, 2 kunye ne-3) kumanani 1 kunye ne-2. 7, 8 kunye ne-9 ngokulandelanayo.Ezi ziphumo zitsalwe kwinkqubo yokubaleka.
Kwikhiwane.I-10 ibonisa utshintsho kwimpumelelo yobude obuhlukeneyo bomphunga kunye ne-capillary.Njengoko kunokubonwa, ukusebenza kakuhle kuyenyuka ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu bomphunga.Eyona ndlela iphezulu kunye neyona ndlela iphantsi ifunyenwe xa ifikelela kwi-capillary spans ye-3.65 m kunye ne-3.96 m.Ukuba ubude be-capillary bunyuswa ngumlinganiselo othile, ukusebenza kakuhle kuya kuncipha.
Utshintsho kumthamo wokupholisa ngenxa yamanqanaba ahlukeneyo obushushu obuphuma ngumphunga kunye nobude be-capillary bubonisiwe kwifig.11. Impembelelo ye-capillary ikhokelela ekunciphiseni kwamandla okupholisa.Umthamo wokupholisa ubuncinci ufumaneka kwindawo yokubila eyi-16°C.Owona mthamo mkhulu wokupholisa ubonwa kwii-capillaries ezinobude obumalunga ne-3.65 m kunye nobushushu obuyi-12°C.
Kwikhiwane.I-12 ibonisa ukuxhomekeka kwamandla e-compressor kubude be-capillary kunye nobushushu bokufudumala.Ukongeza, igrafu ibonisa ukuba amandla ayancipha ngokunyuka kobude be-capillary kunye nokunciphisa ubushushu bomphunga.Kwiqondo lokushisa elikhulayo le--16 ° C, amandla e-compressor aphantsi afunyenwe kunye nobude be-capillary ye-3.96 m.
Idatha yovavanyo ekhoyo isetyenziselwe ukungqinisisa iziphumo zeCFD.Kolu vavanyo, iiparitha zegalelo ezisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukulinganisa zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa kweCFD.Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo zithelekiswa nexabiso loxinzelelo lwe-static.Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo zibonisa ukuba uxinzelelo lwe-static ekuphumeni kwi-capillary lungaphantsi kwesango lokungena kumbhobho.Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba ukwandisa ubude be-capillary ukuya kumda othile kunciphisa ukuhla koxinzelelo.Ukongezelela, ukuhla koxinzelelo lwe-static oluncitshisiweyo phakathi kokungena kunye nokuphuma kwe-capillary kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yefriji.Iziphumo zeCFD ezifunyenweyo zivumelana kakuhle neziphumo zovavanyo ezikhoyo.Iziphumo zovavanyo ziboniswa kwiMifanekiso 1 kunye ne-2. 13, 14, 15 kunye ne-16. Ii-capillaries ezintathu zobude obuhlukeneyo zisetyenziswe kolu cwaningo.Ubude betyhubhu bu-3.35m, 3.65m kunye ne-3.96m.Kwaphawulwa ukuba i-static pressure drop phakathi kwe-capillary inlet kunye ne-outlet yanda xa ubude betyhubhu butshintshiwe kwi-3.35m.Kwakhona qaphela ukuba uxinzelelo lokuphuma kwi-capillary luyanda kunye nobukhulu bombhobho we-3.35 m.
Ukongezelela, ukuhla koxinzelelo phakathi kokungena kunye nokuphuma kwe-capillary kunciphisa njengoko ubungakanani bombhobho bukhula ukusuka kwi-3.35 ukuya kwi-3.65 m.Kwaphawulwa ukuba uxinzelelo kwi-outlet ye-capillary yehla ngokukhawuleza kwi-outlet.Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukusebenza kakuhle kuyanda kunye nobude be-capillary.Ukongezelela, ukwandisa ubude bombhobho ukusuka kwi-3.65 ukuya kwi-3.96 m kwakhona kunciphisa ukuhla koxinzelelo.Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba ngaphezu kobu bude ukuhla koxinzelelo kwehla ngaphantsi kwenqanaba eliphezulu.Oku kunciphisa i-COP yefriji.Ngoko ke, i-static pressure loops ibonisa ukuba i-3.65 m capillary ibonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle kwifriji.Ukongeza, ukunyuka koxinzelelo kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla.
Kwiziphumo zovavanyo, kunokubonwa ukuba umthamo wokupholisa we-R152a wefriji uyancipha ngokunyuka kobude bombhobho.Ikhoyili yokuqala inomthamo ophezulu wokupholisa (-12 ° C) kwaye i-coil yesithathu inomthamo ophantsi wokupholisa (-16 ° C).Ukusebenza okuphezulu kufumaneka kwiqondo lokushisa le-evaporator ye--12 °C kunye nobude be-capillary ye-3.65 m.Amandla ecompressor ayancipha ngokunyuka kobude be-capillary.Igalelo lamandla ecompressor liphezulu kubushushu be-evaporator obuyi -12 °C kwaye buncinane kwi -16 °C.Thelekisa iCFD kunye noxinzelelo loxinzelelo olusezantsi kubude be-capillary.Kuyabonakala ukuba imeko iyafana kuzo zombini ezi meko.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukusebenza kwenkqubo kwanda njengoko ubude be-capillary bunyuka ukuya kwi-3.65 m xa kuthelekiswa ne-3.35 m kunye ne-3.96 m.Ngoko ke, xa ubude be-capillary bukhula ngesixa esithile, ukusebenza kwenkqubo kuyanda.
Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwe-CFD kwishishini le-thermal kunye nezityalo zamandla kuya kuphucula ukuqonda kwethu amandla kunye ne-physics yemisebenzi yohlalutyo lwe-thermal, imida ifuna ukuphuhliswa kweendlela ezikhawulezayo, ezilula, kunye nezincinci ze-CFD.Oku kuya kusinceda siphucule kwaye siyile izixhobo ezikhoyo.Ukuqhubela phambili kwisoftware yeCFD kuya kuvumela ukuyilwa okuzenzekelayo kunye nokulungelelaniswa, kunye nokudalwa kweeCFD kwi-Intanethi kuya kwandisa ukufumaneka kobuchwepheshe.Zonke ezi nkqubela phambili ziya kunceda iCFD ibe licandelo eliqolileyo kunye nesixhobo sobunjineli esinamandla.Ke, ukusetyenziswa kweCFD kubunjineli bobushushu kuya kuba banzi kwaye ngokukhawuleza kwixesha elizayo.
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